Cosmofy: Origin Of the Universe : Big Bang Theory

Cosmofy: Origin Of the Universe : Big Bang Theory: Origin Of the Universe is explained by Big Bang Theory. This Model is widely accepted by  most Cosmologists and Astrophysicists. T...

Cosmofy: Future of the Our Universe.

Cosmofy: Future of the Our Universe.: After the Big-Bang, Our Universe is expanding continuously at a rate equal to Hubble Constant. Physicists and Cosmologists are continuou...

Cosmofy: SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft

Cosmofy: SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft: The  Dragon  is a free-flying, reusable  spacecraft  developed by  SpaceX , a  private space transportation  company based in  Hawthorne...

Cosmofy: Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System

Cosmofy: Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System: The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System , or IRNSS , is a autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by Indian Sp...

Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System

The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, or IRNSS, is a autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by Indian Space Research Organisation which would be under total control of Inidan government.GPS software is relatively universal in the modern world but it is not guaranteed that you have a sure access to the network during a crisis situation, For example, there has been conversation as to whether the Russian GLONASS system will power the positioning data that India uses in the future, so to become independent in navigation system INDIA is ready to launch his own GPS system.

DEVELOPMENT :

The first satellite of the proposed constellation, developed at a cost of 1,600 crore is expected to be launched during 2012-2013 while the full constellation is planned to be realized around 2014.A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. It is unclear if recent agreements with the Russian government to restore their GLONASS system will supersede the IRNSS project or feed additional technical support to enable its completion.

TECHNOLOGY USED :

IRNSS signals will consist of a Special Positioning Service and a Precision Service. Both will be carried on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.08 MHz). The SPS signal will be modulated by a 1 MHz BPSK signal. The navigation signals themselves would be transmitted in the S-band frequency (2–4 GHz) and broadcast through a phased array antenna to maintain required coverage and signal strength. The satellites would weigh approximately 1,330 kg and their solar panels generate 1,400 watts.The System is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of better than 20 meters throughout India and within a region extending approximately 2,000 km around it.

The ground segment of IRNSS constellation would consist of a Master Control Center, ground stations to track and estimate the satellites' orbits and ensure the integrity of the network and additional ground stations to monitor the health of the satellites with the capability of issuing radio commands.


The satellites would also have a large footprint considering that they would have a geostationary orbit. A lower number of satellites would be necessary in order to provide full coverage of the region. These features should provide all weather coverage with strong signal strength. 

TIME FRAME :

Reports came in April 2010 that India plans to start launching satellites by the end of 2011, at a rate of one satellite every six months. This will make the IRNSS optimally functional by 2014.India also launched 3 new satellites into space to supplement this.

Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS-1) will be the first of the total seven satellites of the IRNSS constellation. It will have a lift off mass of 1380 kg and operate a navigation payload and a C-band ranging transponder and employ an optimised I-1K bus structure with a power handling capability of 1600W and is designed for a nominal mission life of 7 years.IRNSS-1 will be launched on-board PSLV-C22 during the second half of 2012 while the full constellation is planned to be realised by 2014.

SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft

The Dragon is a free-flying, reusable spacecraft developed by SpaceX, a private space transportation company based in Hawthorne, California, under NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program.

View from the International Space Station of the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft as the station's robotic arm moves Dragon into place for attachment to the station. May 25, 2012. Photo: NASA

Dragon became the first commercially-built and operated spacecraft to be recovered successfully from orbit.It was launched on 22 May 2012 from Florida  and on 25 May 2012, an uncrewed variant of Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to successfully rendezvous with the International Space Station (ISS) and now it has come down to Earth on 2 June 2012 successfully.The capsule was loaded with 1,100 pounds of food, water, clothing and equipment for ISS. 

Dragon Highlights:

1. Fully autonomous rendezvous and docking with manual override capability 

    in crewed configuration.

2.  6,000 kg (13,228 lbs) payload up-mass to LEO; 3,000 kg (6,614 lbs)    

    payload down-mass.

3. Payload Volume: 10 m3 (350 ft3) pressurized, 14 m3  (490 ft3)    

    unpressurized.

4. Dragon is 4.4 meters (14.4 feet) tall and 3.66 meters (12 feet) in diameter.

5. The trunk is 2.8 meters (9.2 feet) tall and 3.66 meters (12 feet) wide. With 

    the solar panels fully extended, the vehicle measures 16.5 meters (54 feet)    

    wide.

6. Supports up to 7 passengers in Crew configuration.

Dragon spacecraft approaches the International Space Station on May 25, 2012 for grapple and berthing . Photo:NASA

Transporting Crew and Cargo:

To ensure the rapid and secure transportation of Crew and Cargo to ISS, dragon has the same configuration with the exception of the crew escape system, life support system and on board control that allows crew to take control of capsule when needed.For cargo launches the inside of the spacecraft is outfitted with a modular cargo rack system designed to accommodate pressurized cargo in standard sizes and form factors.For crewed launches, the interior is outfitted with crew couches, controls with manual override capability and upgraded life-support.   

Re-Entry:

1. Designed for water landing under parachute for ocean recovery.

2. Designed for lift during reentry for precise landing and low g-forces.

    European Space Agency astronaut Andre Kuipers inside the Dragon spacecraft. Photo: NASA

Future of the Our Universe.

After the Big-Bang, Our Universe is expanding continuously at a rate equal to Hubble Constant. Physicists and Cosmologists are continuously observing this expansion to predict the future of Our Universe but further advances are required in fundamental physics before it will be possible to know the ultimate fate of Universe.Our Universe contains 73% of Dark energy, 4% of Atoms and 23% of Dark matter. However, Scientists are agree that this fate will depend on three things:

1. On Universe Overall Shape or Geometry.

2. On how much Dark Energy (An invisible and hypothetical form of energy with   repulsive gravity that permeates all of space and responsible for the expansion of the universe )it contains.

3. On the Equation Of State.      

   
Based on the prediction, Our Universe will have any of the following states :

Big-Crunch

If the shape of the Universe is closed like sphere and Universe lacks the repulsive force of Dark Energy, then after a region of hundred of billion years, Gravity attraction force will overcome the Dark energy repulsive force giving birth to Contraction Of the Universe. This will continue until all the matter get converted into a final Singularity, a mirror image of Big-Bang Known as Big-Crunch.This model offers the possibility of an oscillating Universe between two states Known as Big-Bounce where Big-Crunch is succeeded by Big-Bang .  

Big-Rip

If the shape of the Universe is open curved and the Dark Energy throwing into equation, then it will not only expand the universe but also accelerate it and development of the things will depend on the nature of Dark energy  which is unknown to us. After a time period of 35-50 billion years,the acceleration will increase without limit, it will overcome the Gravitational Force of attraction and Electromagnetic Force, then the Stars and Galaxies will literally torn apart into particle known as Big-Rip. 

Big-Freeze

The third and the most likely event to occur is Big-Freeze or Big-Chill or also known as Heath Death.This possibility is based on the current observations and knowledge. In this scenario, the Universe will expand continuously and gradually runs down to a state of Zero Thermodynamic free energy and the temperature will be Absolute Zero, where our Universe will become too clod to sustain life and there will be only Cold Dead Planets and Black Holes.

  

Origin Of the Universe : Big Bang Theory

Origin Of the Universe is explained by Big Bang Theory. This Model is widely accepted by  most Cosmologists and Astrophysicists. This explains how the formation of Universe took place and how the Time, Space and Matter came into existence from energy.

According to Big Bang Theory :

1.    Around 13.7 billion years ago, Our Universe was infinitesimally       

       small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense known as Singularity.

2.   Singularities are the zones which exist at the core of Black Holes,
      area of intense Gravitational Pressure.At this pressure, matter of 
      Infinite density exist known as Singularity.

3.   Singularity did not appear in Space but Space began inside of the 

      singularity and prior to it , there was no Matter ,Time and Space.

4.   After the existence of Singularity, they started to expand like a very  

      small balloon starts its expansion but no Explosion took place for 

      this Expansion. 

5.   After its initial Expansion, Universe cooled sufficiently which in 

      turn convert the energy into Subatomic Particle like Protons, 

      Electrons and Neutrons.

6.   Protons and Neutrons combined to form the Nuclei of the Atom 

      after few minutes of Big-Bang but Electrons took thousand of years  

      to form an electrically neutral Atom,Atoms were formed by nuclei 

      linking up with free electrons.   

7.   The very first Atom was of Hydrogen along with traces of Helium 

      and Lithium,but the early Universe was dominated by the radiation  

      of Electromagnetic (EM) waves.

8.   It took  200 million years for the Galaxies and Stars to be formed 

     out of pockets of gas Condensing due to gravity present there. 

9.   The Sun of our Universe formed in the same way in the Galaxy 

      known as Milky way and the vast disk of gas and debris swirling 

      around the early Sun gave birth to the planets, including Earth, 

      which is between 4.6 and 4.5 billion years old.

10.  After the formation of million of Galaxies and stars, our Universe 

       is still expanding like balloon according to the Edwin Hubble's law 

       which states that the Doppler velocity of galaxies receding from 

       Earth is proportional to the distance from Earth.